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考试科目：翻译硕士英语共14页，第1页 2020年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（B卷）*学科、专业名称：翻译硕士专业研究方向：英语笔译考试科目名称：翻译硕士英语考试科目代码：211考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。I. Vocabulary wherever one finds humans, virtueis _ because no one fails to sense its usefulnessA. eternal B. estimable C. ethereal D. exquisite30. Two of his grandchildren implore him to _ another journey. The city where they live isthreatened by a plague.A. embark on B. embark for C. embark at D. embark ofII. Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: This part consists of six passages followed by a total of 30 multiple-choicequestions and 5 short-answer questions. Read the passages and write your answers ontheAnswer Sheet. Passage 1The miserable fate of Enrons employees will be a landmark in business history, one of those awfulevents that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable andnoble: thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. Butmaking sure it never happens again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of thoseEnron workers represents something even larger than it seems. Its the latest turn in the unwinding ofone of the most audacious promise of the 20th century.The promise was assured economic securityeven comfortfor essentially everyone in thedeveloped world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the 19th century it became possible tothink about a possibility no one had dared to dream before. The fear at the center of daily living sincecaveman dayslack of food warmth, shelterwould at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyonein need and separate programmes for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labour unionspromised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant corporations came intobeing and offered the possibilityin some cases the promiseof lifetime employment plusguaranteed pensions. The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of peopleapproached life itself, a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. Formillennia the average persons stance toward providing for himself had been “Ultimately Im on myown”. Now it became“ultimately Ill be taken care of”.The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the 1980s. U.S. businesshad become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively, with huge Layoffs. The trendaccelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoffpolicy.AT but that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to matchemployee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron case. First, someshareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the companys problems, promptinginvestors to hang on when they should have sold. Second, Enrons 401(k) accounts were locked whilethe company changed plan administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees couldnot have closed their accounts if they wanted to.But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of employees were heavilyoverweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their 401(k) assets in the stock rather than inthe 18 other investment options they were offered. Of course that wasnt prudent, but its what someof them did. The Enron employees retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from guaranteed economicsecurity. Thats why preventing such a thing from ever happening again may be impossible. The hugeattitudinal shift to “Ill-be-taken-care-of” took at least a generation. The shift back may take just aslong. It wont be complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a20th- century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like most people inmost times and places, theyre on their own.31. Why does the author say at the beginning “The miserable fate of Enrons employees will be alandmark in business history”?A. Because the company has gone bankrupt.B. Because such events would never happen again.C. Because many Enron workers lost jobs.D. Because it signifies a turning point in economic security. 32. According to the passage, the combined efforts by governments, layout unions and bigcorporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change inA. peoples outlook on life. B. peoples life styles.C. peoples living standard D. peoples social values. 考试科目：翻译硕士英语共14页，第6页 33. Garanttee on economic security declined in 1980-1990 because _.A. the corporate laid off large number of employeesB. the government cut in welfare spendingC. the economic restructuring occurred asAmerican lost its competitiveness globallyD. the power of labors unions declined34. Thousands of employees chose Enron to invest mainly becauseA. The 401(k) made them responsible for their own future.B. Enron offered to add company stock to their investment.C. their employers intended to cut back on pension spending.D. Enrons offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan.35. Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster? A. 401(k) assets should be placed in more than one investment option.B. Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselves.C. Such events could happen again as it is not easy to change peoples mind.D. Economic security wont be taken for granted by future36. What has made economic security possible and change peoples attitude towards life in 19thcentury?Passage 2The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of firstclarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success,making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage anetwork of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, andsurprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking.Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavilyon intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it asthe opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.Isenbergs recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managersintuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First,they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to performwell-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based onyears of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an “Aha”experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis.Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those whouse such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by 考试科目：翻译硕士英语共14页，第7页 these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers canuse intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used inthis way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizesfamiliar patterns.One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparablefrom acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, theyfrequently act first and explain later.Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, inwhich managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing aproblematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers ofteninstigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles isthat action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.37. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1,paragraph 2？A. They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decisionanalysis.B. They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.C. They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on whatmanagers do.D. They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.38.According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to A. Speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.B. Identify a problem.C. Bring together disparate facts.D. Stipulate clear goals.39. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one majordifference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y,who uses only formal decision analysis？A. Manager X analyzes first and then acts；Manager Y does not.B. Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis；Manager Y does not.C. Manager X takes action first and then explains later in solving a problem；Manager Y does not.D. Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem；Manager X does not. 40. The text provides support for which of the following statements？A. Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decisionanalysis.B. Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions. 考试科目：翻译硕士英语共14页，第8页 C. Managersintuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.D. Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.41. What is the authors attitude towards using institution in management?A. It is arbitrary and irrational.B. It deters the effective implementation of the work.C. It improves the efficiency of the work.D. It is better than analyzing the issue thoroughly first and then acting.42. Why does the author say “thinking is inseparable from acting in the intuitive style of executivemanagement”?Passage 3 Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell whenother people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may beuniversal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in ahostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger.Asthe originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facialexpressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach ofenemies (or friends) in the absence of language.Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people.Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. Inclassic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust,fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions werebeing depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almostno contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiarfacial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories thatcalled for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar resultsin a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions wereshown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were beingshown and which emotion was more intense.Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact,various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and inthe brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship betweenemotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis,signals from the facial muscles (feedback) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a persons facial expression can influence that persons emotional state. Consider Darwins words: Thefree expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as faras possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions. Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will,for example, and frowning to anger? 考试科目：翻译硕士英语共14页，第9页 Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedbackhypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report morepositive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being morehumorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is thelevel of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles,such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal thenleads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and therelease of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of facialmuscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that theso-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by crows feet wrinkles around the eyes and asubtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.Ekmans observation may be relevant to the British expression keep a stiff upper lip as arecommendation for handling stress. It might be that a stiff lip suppresses emotional response-as longas the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip ismore intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.43. The word despondent in the passage is closest in meaning to _.A. curious B. depressed C. thoughtful D. aggressive44. The author me
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