2020年上外高翻MTI翻译硕士真题回忆.docx

新祥旭考研官网 http:/www.xxxedu.net/翻硕考研辅导班： 2020 年上外高翻 MTI 翻译硕士真题回忆211 翻译硕士英语只有一篇阅读材料，节选自Andrew G. Ferguson, The Rise of Big Data Policing: Surveillance, Race, and the Future of Law Enforcement (New York, NY: NYU Press, 2017). 272 pp. $28.00 (hardcover), ISBN: 1479892823Reviewed by:Ian T. Adams 安德鲁弗格森，大数据警务的兴起：监控、种族和执法的未来（纽约：纽约大学出版社，2017 年）。272 页 ， $28.00 （精装）， ISBN：1479892823大概三四页，2000-3000 单词左右题目及要求1、Summarize the authors arguments with the given key words (expertise transparency scale society).(40 points)1/no copy or paraphrase2/specific general3/a high-level summary of your own words新祥旭考研官网 http:/www.xxxedu.net/2.Give your viewpoints on this topic.（Do you agree with the author? Or are there any topics you would like to introduce in this discussion?.) (60 points)357 英语翻译基础一、英译汉，翻译划线部分， 80 分标题：Why historians would make bad policy advisersMy work, claimed the ancient Athenian writer Thucydides, was written as a possession for all time, not a piece of entertainment for the moment. Because of the human thing to anthropinon in Greek, a phrase similar to human nature but rather looser events tend to be repeated in more or less similar ways. Therefore, Thucydides argued, his account of the war between the Athenians and the Spartans would not only be informative about past events, but useful in understanding the present and future as well.Although few today would endorse Thucydides view that the Peloponnesian War was the greatest event in human history, the idea that his account has lasting relevance and importance beyond the war is widely accepted. This explains why he is one of the most cited classical authors, evoked in media discussions of topics as varied as the Brexit vote, the Greek economic crisis, the Russian annexation of Crimea and, most persistently in recent years, the tensions between the United States and China, in the form of the so-called Thucydides Trap. Thucydides is perceived as someone who has looked beneath the chaos and confusion of events to understand 新祥旭考研官网 http:/www.xxxedu.net/whats really going on. His reputation inspires trust and belief as W H Auden suggested at the outbreak of the Second World War (Exiled Thucydides knew).The claim that Thucydides account of the past is useful is often extended to historiography in general, rather than just to his specific and idiosyncratic approach. But widespread acceptance of Thucydides authority disguises the fact that his approach to the past, and to the lessons that can be drawn from it, can be understood in very different ways, with radically different implications for modern history. For some readers, it establishes the value of accumulating knowledge about the past, and the endless varieties and complexities of human behaviour in different contexts, as an end in itself. For others, focused on Thucydides claims about the human thing as a historical constant that shapes events, it underpins the project of deriving wider principles and laws of human behaviour from the data of the past.The latest iteration of the latter view comes from the Harvard academics Graham Allison and Niall Ferguson, who argue in The Atlantic for the establishment of a presidential council of historical advisers, and suggest that its charter should begin with Thucydides observation that “the events of future history will be of the same nature or nearly so as the history of the past, so long as men are men”. US policymakers, they argue, too often live in the United States of Amnesia, with sometimes catastrophic consequences. Its time for them to start listening to historians as well as to economists and for historians to develop a new discipline of applied history so that they are in a position to offer the right kinds of advice as soon as the president sees sense and appoints full-time historical advisers, suitably remunerated, with a professional support staff.Historians have feared the obsolescence and irrelevance of their 新祥旭考研官网 http:/www.xxxedu.net/discipline for at least half a century a theme thats become more prominent in the past few years and have quietly resented the influence of (in their eyes) the reductionist, simplistic and, above all, short-termist social sciences. Editorials apply economic models to sumo wrestlers and palaeolithic anthropology to customs of dating, complained Jo Guldi and David Armitage in their History Manifesto of 2014. These lessons are repeated on the news, and their proponents are elevated to the status of public intellectuals. Their rules seem to point to unchanging levers that govern our world. Allison and Ferguson likewise object to the spurious certainty offered by social scientists. Presidents, they argue, should base their decisions on evidence drawn from reality the lessons of the Great Depression, John F Kennedys handling of the Cuban missile crisis or the 50-odd brutal, fanatical and purpose-driven groups that the historical record offers as possible analogues to ISIS rather than abstract, supposedly timeless economic or political theories.Historical research shows how things change over time. The past was different from the present, so there is no reason to imagine that our present condition will be indefinitely extended into the future. History reveals the enormous variety and variability of human institutions and behaviour, setting clear limits on the validity and plausibility of any universalising generalisations. The problem for any would-be applied historian lies in converting this necessary corrective of over-confident social-scientific assertions or politicians simplistic assumptions the historians reflex actually, its rather more complicated than that into anything resembling the sort of practical policy advice that politicians or civil servants will ever take seriously.The classic British example of a mismatch between historians professional caution and policymakers demands for clarity and simplicity remains the meeting organised in 1990 to advise Margaret Thatcher on the prospect of German reunification. Experts such as 新祥旭考研官网 http:/www.xxxedu.net/Norman Stone, Fritz Stern and Timothy Garton Ash sought to outline the key events of modern German history in order to contextualise the situation and faced constant demands for definitive statements about the German character and whether Germans could be trusted. Nuance and ambiguity are clearly regarded as an impediment to decision-making but they are the stock-in trade of the historian.Allison and Ferguson implicitly recognise this problem. Their case for putting historians at the heart of government opens with recent examples of historical ignorance and nave assumptions, about Islam, Iraq and Russia, which led to unnecessary mistakes; better knowledge of history would have revealed the complexity of those situations and, presumably, encouraged greater caution. But their claim for the usefulness of history is much stronger, as it has to be in order to win the ear of power: the past can, they argue, furnish effective and illuminating analogues for current problems, from which applied historians can identify likely outcomes and suggest policy interventions.As they observe, historical analogies are easy to get wrong, and too many amateur analogies already pervade discussions of contemporary affairs. People have a clear tendency to find themselves and their situation in the past. However, it is not clear what the essential difference could be between amateur and professional analogies, beyond the status of the person claiming to have identified them. In either case, the effectiveness of the analogy depends on emphasising the resemblances between past and present, and setting aside or explaining away the differences all while trying to argue that rival examples (there are always many other possibilities to be found) are much less relevant.The past is not a neutral body of data, objectively coded so that events can be matched to one another for analytical purposes. Rather, it is always the product of a process of interpretation and 新祥旭考研官网 http:/www.xxxedu.net/representation. Some events are more familiar than others and come pre-loaded with meaning, which is why Nazi analogies are so popular and so invariably unhelpful. Though professional historians can draw on a wider range of potential examples, with a great deal more detail and complexity, much then has to be stripped away in order to make the analogy persuasive, and more persuasive than other analogies. Is Donald Trump Mussolini, Nero, Alcibiades or George Wallace? Do US commitments to Japan and the Philippines more closely resemble the 1839 treaty governing the neutrality of Belgium or the early years of the Delian League?One possible answer is: yes and no. Any historical example will present both similarity and difference to the present, and reflecting on both these aspects can give us a better understanding of our own situation and its possibilities for good and ill. (Potentially, at least; I remain skeptical that Thucydides could explain Trump). We can use the example to think with, without having to claim that it is somehow objectively more relevant than other pieces of the past, or that it embodies any invariant universal principle. Theres a case to be made that this was Thucydides intention for his work. He certainly doesnt offer the sorts of explicit, universal laws of political behaviour and inter-state relations that many of his modern readers claim to identify, but nor does he present an account of events for their own sake, irrelevant to the present.Rather, Thucydides invites us to compare the events he describes with our own situation, and presents them in a way that confronts us with the complexity and unpredictability of the world. His narrative is driven not by abstract and inhuman laws but by the deliberations and decisions of people, and so by the power of rhetoric, the rhetoric of power, and human susceptibility to emotion and self-delusion. Far from endorsing a search for simplistic historical analogies as a basis for policy recommendations, Thucydides would most likely regard this habit as further evidence of our limited capabilities for self-knowledge, deliberation and anticipation another facet of the 新祥旭考研官网 http:/www.xxxedu.net/human thing that leads us to make similar mistakes again and again.753words，选自 AEON 杂志二、汉英翻译，翻译划线部分，70 分前不久，2019 年下半年中小学教师资格考试举行，因为报名考试太过火爆，相关话题一度冲到微博热搜榜前列。据教育部官网消息，此次中小学教师资格考试考生人数再创新高，达 590 万人，考试科次 1237 万科次，比上半年考生人数增加一倍多，加上上半年考生人数290 万人，全年中小学教师资格考试人数近 900 万人。590 万人铆足劲为“证”一搏，其实是诸多因素综合作用的结果。既有教师社会地位提升的原因，也受当下就业形势的影响，还与国家提高教师入职门槛、教师资格证成为编内编外教师上岗的必要条件直接相关。作为最重要的教育资源，教师的素质直接关乎甚至决定着教育的成败。在每个人的成长过程中，或多或少都曾有值得铭记一生的教师。正如习近平总书记说的那样：“一个人遇到好老师是人生的幸运，一个学校拥有好老师是学校的光荣，一个民族源源不断涌现一批又一批好老师则是民族的希望。”虽然不能把教师资格考试报名人数创新高简单解读为教师已经成为热门职业，但越来越多的人报考教师资格考试确实值得肯定。尊师重教是一个社会文明的标志。越来越多的人愿意从事教师职业当然是一件好事，这意味着准教师候选人基数将大幅增加，可以让各地教育部门和大中小学校优中选优。590 万人参加教师资格考试，竞争不可谓不激烈。考证不容易，但成为合格教新祥旭考研官网 http:/www.xxxedu.net/师更不容易，想成为优秀教师更是难上加难。考取了教师资格证和能不能当好教师完全是两码事儿，比资格证书更重要的是师德。教师是用心燃烧的人，能不能用心去对待学生，才是最关键的问题。一方面，我们要加强对师范生的师德教育，在全社会营造师德高尚的舆论氛围，鼓励那些真正有教育情怀的人加入到教师队伍中来，尤其是心怀大爱，愿意为偏远乡村地区和薄弱地区的教育奉献自己力量的教师。要想让教师真正成为热门职业，使优秀人才“招得进、留得住、有积极性”，除了进一步提升待遇力争待遇留人外，更需要创造宽松的人文环境，切实减轻教师的非教学负担，激发他们的主观能动性。另一方面，社会也要更加尊重教师的劳动。教师工作相当辛苦，待遇也不算高，而家长都盼着“望子成龙”，不断给教师提出更多更高的要求。给教师减减压、松松绑，更有利于他们轻装上阵，找回育人的初心，继而以更好的状态投入到教书育人之中。教师职业无论热与不热，我们都应该善待教师。就像是自己的孩子，不管是优生还是差生，都应该被温柔以待。 选自澎湃新闻，2019 年 11 月初发布的一篇文章。448 汉语写作与百科知识一、名词解释 20 分，每个五分1、楚虽三户，亡秦必楚2、勿谓言之不预3、柏林墙4、约翰弥尔顿二、用白话文翻译宋词 20 分新祥旭考研官网 http:/www.xxxedu.net/扬州慢淮左名都宋 姜夔淳熙丙申至日，予过维扬。夜雪初霁，荠麦弥望。入其城，则四顾萧条，寒水自碧，暮色渐起，戍角悲吟。予怀怆然，感慨今昔，因自度此曲。千岩老人以为有“黍离”之悲也。淮左名都，竹西佳处，解鞍少驻初程。过春风十里。尽荠麦青青。自胡马窥江去后，废池乔木，犹厌言兵。渐黄昏，清角吹寒。都在空城。杜郎俊赏，算而今、重到须惊。纵豆蔻词工，青楼梦好，难赋深情。二十四桥仍在，波心荡、冷月无声。念桥边红药，年年知为谁生。三、简答题，两段材料二选一 30 分1、如何看待电商平台对实体经济的影响2、你对英国脱欧的看法四、文章缩写 30 分 500 字考试文章有少些删减，以下为原文谈翻译朱光潜在现代研究文学，不精通一两种外国文是一个大缺陷。尽管过去的中国文学如何优美，如果我们坐井观天，以为天下之美尽在此，我们就难免对本国文学也不能尽量了解欣赏。我们承认中国文学有很多优点，但是不敢承认文学所可有的优点都为中国文学所具备。单拿戏剧小说来说，我们的成就比起西方的实在新祥旭考研官网 http:/www.xxxedu.net/是很幼稚。至于诗，我们也只在短诗方面擅长，长诗根本就没有。再谈到文学研究，没有一个重要的作家的生平有一部详细而且精确的传记可参考，没有一部重要作品曾经被人作过有系统的研究和分析，没有一部完整而有见解的文学史，除文心雕龙以外，没有一部有哲学观点或科学方法的文学理论书籍。我们已往偏在注疏评点上做工夫，不失之支离破碎，便失之陈腐浅陋。我们需要放宽眼界，多吸收一点新的力量。最好我们学文学的人都能精通一两种外国文，直接阅读外国文学名著。为多数人设想，这一层或不易办到，不得已而思其次，我们必须作大规模的有系统的翻译。 据我个人经验，译一本书比自己写一本书要难得多。译一本书起码要把那本书懂得透彻，透懂文字后面的情理韵味。阅读本身就是一个难关，许多大学外文系教授翻译的书仍不免错误百出，足见他们对于外国文阅读的能力还不够。我们常易过于自信，取一部外国文学作品从头读到尾，便满以为自己完全了解。可是到动手译它时，便发现许多自以为了解的地方还没有了解或误解。因此，翻译是学习外国文的一个最有效的方法。它可以训练我们细心，增加我们对于语言的敏感，使我们透彻地了解原文。文学作品的精妙大半在语文的运用，若不肯仔细推敲，只抱着“好读书不求甚解”的态度，就只能得到一个粗枝大叶，决不能了解文学作品的精妙。阅读只要精通西文，翻译于精通西文之外，又要精通中文。许多精通西文而不精通中文的人所译的书籍往往比原文还更难懂，这就未免失去翻译的意义。严又陵以为译事三难：信，达，雅。其实归根到底，“信”字最不容易办到。原文“达”而“雅，译文不“达”不“雅“，那还是不“信”；如果原文不“达”不 “雅”，译文“达”而“雅”，过犹不及，那也还是不“信”。所谓“信”是对原文忠实，恰如其分地把它的意思用中文表达出来。有文学价值的作品必是完整的有机体，情感思想和语文风格必融为一体，声音与意义也必欣合无间。所以对原文忠实，不仅是对浮面的字义忠实，对情感，思想，风格，声音节奏等必同时忠实。稍有翻译经验的人都知道这是极难的事。有些文学作品书本不可翻译，尤其是诗（说诗可翻译的人大概不懂得诗）。绝对的“信”只是一个理想，事实上很不易做到。但是我们必求尽量符合这个理想，在可能范围之内不应该疏忽苟且。