湖南农业大学2015考研真题811 综合知识.pdf

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共 5页 第 1页2015 年 湖 南 农 业 大 学 硕 士 招 生 自 命 题 科 目 试 题科 目 名 称 及 代 码 : 综 合 知 识 811适 用 专 业 : 外 国 语 言 学 及 应 用 语 言 学考 生 需 带 的 工 具 :考 生 注 意 事 项 : 所 有 答 案 必 须 做 在 答 题 纸 上 , 做 在 试 题 纸 上 一 律 无 效 ; 按 试 题 顺 序 答 题 , 在 答 题 纸 上 标 明 题 目 序 号 。SectionA: Linguistics (60 points)I. Translate the following linguistic terms into English. (5 points, 1 point each)1.应 用 语 言 学 2.音 位 变 体 3.述 谓 分 析4.输 入 假 设 5.派 生 词 素II. Define FIVE of the following terms, giving examples if necessary. (10 points,2 points each )1. Displacement2. Back clipping3. Minimal pair4. Morphological rule5. Perlocutionary act6. Sociolinguistics7. Subordinate constructionIII. Fill in each blank with a suitable term, with some of the initial letters given.(10 points, 1 point each)1. D_ refers to an area of human activity in which one particularspeech variety or a combination of several speech varieties is regularly used, forinstance, situations in which the persons talking to one another are members ofthe family, e.g. mother and children.2. B _is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formedby combing the meanings and sounds of two words, one of the which is not in itsfull form or both of which are not in their full forms, like brunch.共 5页 第 2页3. H_ structure is the sentence structure that group words into structuralconstituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, suchas NP, VP and PP.4. M_ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure ofwords, and the rules by which words are formed.5. C _are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker tosome future course of action.6. T_ theory is a theory about trace left by movement. This theoryassumes that a moved constituent leaves behind a phonologically null elementin its original site.7.P_ are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state and are notverifiable, in other words, they are utterances that perform an act.8. I_ is the language system of an individual as expressed their way heor she speaks or writes within the overall system of a particular language.9. S_ is the study of meaning communicated through language. Thebasic task is to show how people communicate meanings with pieces oflanguage.10. A _ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producingthe sounds of speech.IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T fortrue and F for false. (15 points, 1.5 points each )1. ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the factthat language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and thesystem of meanings.2. ( ) Saussurss exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historicallingusitics.3. ( ) Chomskys concept of linguistic performance is similar to Saussuresconcept of parole, while his use of linguistic competence is somewhatdifferent from Saussures langue.4. ( ) If language learners are provided with sufficient and the right kind oflanguage exposure and chances to interact with language input, they will共 5页 第 3页acquire the native-like competence in the target language.5. ( ) Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP,VP,and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasalsyntactic categories such as N and V.6. ( ) Competence and performance refer respectively to a language usersunderlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of languagein concrete situation.7. ( ) Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently.8. ( ) Hyponymy is a matter of class membership, so it is the same as meronymy.9. ( ) Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.10. ( ) The right ear advantage(REA)is true to no matter whether people have theleft hemispheric dominance for speech or the less common right hemisphericdominance for speech.V. Choose FIVE of the following questions to answer. (20 points, 4 points each)1. Who put forward the concept of langue and parole? What is the differencebetween them?2. To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?3. Decide which way of word formation is used to form the following words.Motel lase ROM mew/miaow4. What is word? What is lexicon? What is lexeme? What is vocabulary?5. Can you make some comments on IC analysis?6. What is X-bar theory?7. What is discourse analysis?共 5页 第 4页Section B: Translation (60 points)1 Translate the following into Chinese (30 points)The sublime paradox of the spiritual life is repeated in all true development ofpersonal gift and power. In order to find his life a man must first lose it; in order tokeep his soul a man must first give it. The beginning of all education is self-conscious;at the start every effect must be calculated, every skill, method, or dexterity carefullystudied. Training involves a rigid account of oneself based on searchingself-knowledge. To become an effective speaker one must know his defects of bearing,gesture, voice; one must bring his whole personality into clear light, and study it as ifit were an external thing; one must become intensely self-conscious. The initiation toevery art is through this door of rigid scrutiny of self and entire surrender of self to thediscipline of minute study and exacting practice. The pianist knows the artistic valueof every note, and strikes each note with carefully calculated effect. The artist giveshimself up to a patient study of details, and is content with the monotony of laboriousimitation; subjecting every element of material and manner to the most thoroughanalysis.The first stage in the education of the true worker is self-conscious; the finalstage is self-forgetful. No man can enter the final stage without passing through theinitial stage; no man can enter the final stage without leaving the initial stage behindhim. One must first develop intense self-consciousness, and then one must be able toforget and obliterate himself. One must first accept the most exacting discipline of theschool, and then one must forget that schools exist. The apprentice is the servant ofdetail; the master is the servant of the idea: the first accepts methods as if they werethe finalities of art; the second uses them as mere instruments. Tennysons attentionwas once called to certain very subtle vowel effects in one of his later poems; hepromptly said that he had not thought of them. That was undoubtedly true, for he hadbecome a master; but there was a time, in his days of apprenticeship, when he hadstudied the musical qualities and resources of words with the most searchingintelligence. The transition from apprenticeship to mastery is accomplished when aman passes through self-consciousness into self-forgetfulness, when his knowledgeand skill become so much a part of himself that they become instinctive. When theartist has gained, through calculation, study, and, practice, complete command ofhimself and his materials, he subordinates skill to insight, and makes his art theunconscious expression of his deepest nature. When this stage is reached the artist canpour his whole soul into his work almost instinctively; his skill and methods havebecome so completely a part of himself that he can use them almost without beingconscious of them.共 5页 第 5页2 Translate the following into English. (30 points)“ 诺 诺 ” 者 , 唯 命 是 从 , 凡 事 好 好 好 , 是 是 是 , 逢 人 点 头 哈 腰 , 遇 事 不 辨 青红 皂 白 , 正 所 谓 “ 唯 唯 诺 诺 ” 。“ 谔 ” , 指 正 直 的 言 论 。 “ 谔 谔 ” , 表 示 勇 于 讲 真 话 , 有 分 歧 时 也 敢 于 据 理 力争 。 先 秦 时 期 有 过 “ 千 人 之 诺 诺 , 不 如 一 人 之 谔 谔 ” 的 说 教 。 说 明 当 时 很 敬 重直 言 争 辩 , 哪 怕 争 辩 者 只 是 一 人 孤 军 奋 战 。 待 到 后 来 , 谔 谔 之 士 则 成 了 “ 珍 稀 动物 ” , 许 多 人 邀 欢 尚 且 不 暇 , 哪 里 还 有 直 言 的 心 思 ! 论 语 中 说 : “ 君 子 坦 荡 荡 ,小 人 长 戚 戚 ” , 有 些 读 书 人 把 “ 坦 荡 荡 ” 没 挂 在 心 上 , “ 戚 戚 之 态 ” 倒 是 如 影 相 随 ,辜 负 了 老 夫 子 的 语 重 心 长 。近 几 年 的 “ 两 会 ” , 一 改 若 干 年 前 召 开 “ 没 有 杂 音 ” 的 团 结 大 会 的 传 统 ,竟 开 成 在 某 些 问 题 上 “ 有 些 争 论 ” 的 大 会 , 一 些 代 表 、 委 员 直 言 不 讳 论 国 事 , 有的 代 表 、 委 员 还 发 表 了 与 个 别 政 府 部 门 “ 大 政 方 针 ” 不 同 的 声 音 ; 也 有 些 代 表 、委 员 之 间 展 开 了 辩 论 , 有 的 人 甚 至 向 某 些 部 委 叫 板 “ 发 难 ” 。 真 可 谓 各 抒 己 见 ,议 论 纷 纷 。其 实 议 论 纷 纷 很 好 。 有 文 章 说 , 简 写 的 开 会 “ 会 ” 字 , 拆 开 来 就 是 “ 人 云 ” ,开 会 的 人 议 论 纷 纷 才 像 个 会 议 , 也 说 明 我 们 的 政 治 生 活 很 正 常 , 民 主 空 气 高 涨 ,凡 事 能 够 集 思 广 益 , 群 策 群 力 。是 啊 , 如 果 像 有 些 基 层 把 “ 两 会 ” 开 成 每 年 一 次 的 “ 例 行 公 事 ” , 与 会 人 员见 面 时 “ 握 握 手 ” , 开 会 时 “ 拍 拍 手 ” , 表 决 时 “ 举 举 手 ” , 散 会 时 “ 挥 挥 手 ” , 这类 兴 师 动 众 、 劳 民 伤 财 的 会 议 , 开 与 不 开 能 有 多 大 区 别 ?有 个 别 领 导 同 志 一 时 还 不 大 习 惯 与 会 者 “ 七 嘴 八 舌 ” , 尤 其 反 对 “ 唇 枪 舌 剑 ”地 辩 论 。 他 们 不 明 白 , 所 谓 “ 民 主 协 商 ” 、 “ 兼 听 则 明 ” , 都 少 不 得 “ 七 嘴 八 舌 ” 。君 子 和 而 不 同 。 从 不 尽 一 致 走 向 一 致 , 那 是 真 正 的 和 谐 共 识 。 相 反 , 不 论 多 么 重要 、 多 么 复 杂 的 问 题 , 举 国 上 下 , 从 无 异 议 , 从 无 杂 音 , 那 就 有 点 假 了 。 上 古 之人 , 不 重 “ 千 人 之 诺 诺 ” , 而 重 “ 一 士 之 谔 谔 ” , 是 心 胸 开 阔 与 襟 怀 坦 荡 的 表 现 。一 千 人 说 顺 从 与 阿 谀 奉 承 的 话 , 不 如 一 个 人 直 言 不 讳 更 有 意 义 与 价 值 。Section C: 中 文 写 作 (30 points)随 着 信 息 科 技 的 不 断 发 展 ,各 类 社 交 互 动 平 台 为 语 言 文 化 带 来 了 一 个 新 的 发展 空 间 ,也 带 来 了 新 式 网 络 语 言 。 请 以 “网 络 语 言 之 我 见 ”为 题 , 写 一 篇 不 少 于 700字 的 文 章 , 文 体 不 限 (诗 歌 除 外 )。
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