2018年暨南大学翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试试题.doc

考试科目：翻译硕士英语 共 10 页，第 1 页2018 年翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试试题 (A 卷) *学科、专业名称：翻译硕士专业研究方向：英语笔译考试科目名称：翻译硕士英语 考试科目代码：211考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。 I. Vocabulary the absence of internal tariffs, such as those that existed in France or Italy or between the German states, made Britain the largest free-trade area in Europe. Britains relatively stable government also helped create an atmosphere conducive to industrial progress.31. The word “potential” in paragraph 1 is closet in meaning to _.A. rate B. dominance C. capacity D. method32. According to paragraph 1, all of the following conditions created a favorable environment for the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT _.A. an active overseas trade B. the stability of financial establishments C. a decline in the types of goods available for export D. the accessibility of money for investment33. According to paragraph 2, what enabled the development of British technology?A. an accessible water transportation system B. a mild climate and plenty of fresh water. C. a fuel supply that supported industrial growth.D. Both A and C.34. Paragraph 3 suggests that the Industrial Revolution did not originate outside Great Britain because _.A. the labor force in other countries could not as easily relocate to cities. B. workers in other countries preferred working independently rather than in groups. 考试科目：翻译硕士英语 共 10 页，第 6 页C. there was a lack of cooperation between agricultural and cottage workers in other countries. D. governments in other countries placed limits on economic gain.35. The phrase “conducive to” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _.A. controlled by .B. favorable to .C. restricted to .D. dependent onPassage 2Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes (marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish) swim continuously. Feeding, courtship, reproduction, and even “rest“ are carried out while in constant motion. As a result, practically every aspect of the body form and function of these swimming “machines“ is adapted to enhance their ability to swim.Many of the adaptations of these fishes serve to reduce water resistance (drag). Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed aircraft. Though human engineers are new to the game, tunas and their relatives evolved their “high-tech” designs long ago.Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have even more sophisticated adaptations than these to improve their hydrodynamics. The long bill of marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish probably helps them slip through the water. Many supersonic aircraft have a similar needle at the nose. Most tunas and billfishes have a series of keels and finlets near the tail. Although most of their scales have been lost, tunas and mackerels retain a patch of coarse scales near the head called the corselet. The keels, finlets, and corselet help direct the flow of water over the body surface in such as way as to reduce resistance. Again, supersonic jets have similar features.Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.考试科目：翻译硕士英语 共 10 页，第 7 页36. The word “enhance” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.A. use B. improve C. counteract D. balance37. Why does the author mention that Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight? A. To show that air resistance and water resistance work differently from each other. B. To argue that some fishes are better designed than airplanes are. C. To provide evidence that airplane engineers have studied the design of fish bodies. D. To demonstrate a similarity in design between certain fishes and airplanes. 38. The word “sophisticated” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _.A. complex B. amazing C. creative D. practical39. According to paragraph 4, the long bills of marlins, sailfish, and swordfish probably help these fishes by _. A. increasing their ability to defend themselvesB. allowing them to change direction easilyC. increasing their ability to detect odorsD. reducing water resistance as they swim40. According to the passage, which of the following is one of the reasons that tunas are in constant motion? A. They lack a swim bladder.B. They need to suck in more water than other fishes do. C. They have large muscles for breathing. D. They cannot open their mouths unless they are in motion.Passage 3Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Under the right circumstances, choosing to spend time alone can be a huge psychological blessing. In the 1980s, the Italian journalist and author Tiziano Terzani, after many years of reporting across Asia, holed himself up in a cabin in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. “For a month I had no one to talk to except my dog Baoli,” he wrote in his book A Fortune Teller Told Me. Terzani passed the time with books, observing nature, “listening to the winds in the trees, watching butterflies, enjoying silence.” For the first time in a long while he felt free from the unending anxieties of daily life: “At last I had time to have time.”Terzanis embrace of isolation was relatively unusual: humans have long considered solitude an inconvenience, something to avoid, a punishment, a realm of loners. Science has often associated it with negative outcomes. Freud, who linked solitude with anxiety, noted that, “in children the first fears relating to situations are 考试科目：翻译硕士英语 共 10 页，第 8 页those of darkness and solitude.” John Cacioppo, a modern social neuro-scientist who has extensively studied loneliness what he calls “chronic perceived isolation” contends that, beyond damaging our thinking powers, isolation can even harm our physical health. But increasingly scientists are approaching solitude as something that, when pursued by choice, can prove a therapy.This is especially true in times of personal disorder, when the instinct is often for people to reach outside of themselves for support. “When people are experiencing crisis its not always just about you: Its about how you are in society,” explains Jack Fong, a sociologist at California State Polytechnic University who has studied solitude.In other words, when people remove themselves from the social context of their lives, they are better able to see how theyre shaped by that context. Thomas Merton, a monk and writer who spent years alone, held a similar notion. “We cannot see things in perspective until we cease to hug them to our breast,” he writes in Thoughts in Solitude. “People can go for a walk or listen to music and feel that they are deeply in touch with themselves.”41. Tiziano Terzani spent a month alone to _.A. embrace isolationB. write a bookC. study butterfliesD. look after his dog42. The word “solitude” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.A. growing anxiousB. being helplessC. feeling emptyD. staying alone43. The opinions of Freud and Cacioppo are cited to show that _.A. children tend to fear darkness and solitudeB. solitude pursued by choice can be a therapy.C. chronic isolation can harm interpersonal relationsD. solitude has long been linked with negative outcomes.44. According to Jack Fong, the sense of personal crisis may be influenced by _.A. an isolated lifestyleB. social context C. low self-esteem D. mental disorder45. The main idea of the passage is that _.A. solitude should be avoided at all costs.B. anxieties of daily life may cause personal crisisC. choosing to spend time alone can be a blessingD. seeking support is useless for tackling personal crisis.考试科目：翻译硕士英语 共 10 页，第 9 页Section B Short-Answer Questions (10%)Passage 4Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:For the century before Johnsons Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English language. There was no standard way of speaking or writing and no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English spelling. Dr Johnson provided the solution. There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall of hard usuall English wordes. Like the various dictionaries that came after it during the seventeenth century, Cawdrays tended to concentrate on scholarly words; one function of the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine learning. Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquerlexical as well as social and commercial. It is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson, the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time as in ours, should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle class. Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the heights of genius. His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely practical. Up until his time, the task of producing a dictionary on such a large scale had seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make decisions about right and wrong usage. Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language; he would write a dictionary himself; and he would do it single-handed. Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holborn Bar on 18 June 1764. He was to be paid 1,575 in instalments, and from this he took money to rent 17 Gough Square, in which he set up his dictionary workshop. James Boswell, his biographer, described the garret where Johnson worked as fitted up like a counting house with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up. Johnson himself was stationed on a rickety chair at an old crazy deal table surrounded by a chaos of borrowed books. He was also helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the Dictionary was still in preparation. The work was immense; filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand), Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations drawn from English writing on every subject, from the Elizabethans to his own time. He did not expect to achieve complete originality. Working to a deadline, he had to draw on the best of all previous 考试科目：翻译硕士英语 共 10 页，第 10 页dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic synthesis. In fact, it was very much more. Unlike his predecessors, Johnson treated English very practically, as a living language, with many different shades of meaning. He adopted his definitions on the principle of English common lawaccording to precedent. After its publication, his Dictionary was not seriously rivalled for over a century. After many vicissitudes the Dictionary was finally published on 15 April 1775. It was instantly recognised as a landmark throughout Europe. This very noble work, wrote the leading Italian lexicographer, will be a perpetual monument of Fame to the Author, an Honour to his own Country in particular, and a general Benefit to the republic of Letters throughout Europe. The fact that Johnson had taken on the Academies of Europe and matched them (everyone knew that forty French academics had taken forty years to produce the first French national dictionary) was cause for much English celebration. Johnson had worked for nine years, with little assistance of the learned, and without any patronage of the great; not in the soft obscurities of retirement, or under the shelter of academic bowers, but amidst inconvenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow. For all its faults and eccentricities his two-volume work is a masterpiece and a landmark, in his own words, setting the orthography, displaying the analogy, regulating the structures, and ascertaining the significations of English words. It is the cornerstone of Standard English, an achievement which, in James Boswells words, conferred stability on the language of his country. The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King George III to offer him a pension. From then on, he was to become the Johnson of folklore.46. What was the main purpose of Robert Cawdrays dictionary?47. What led to an increased demand for dictionaries?48. What does the word “vicissitudes” mean in this context? 49. Why was Johnsons Dictionary not seriously rivalled for over a century?50. How do you describe Dr. Samuel Johnson?III. Writing (30%)Directions: In this part you are going to write an essay of about 400-500 words within 60 minutes on the following topic. Write your essay on the Answer Sheet.On Artificial IntelligenceIn March 2016, AlphaGo, a computer program that plays the board game Go, beat Lee Sedol in a five-game match. In recognition of the victory, AlphaGo was awarded an honorary 9-dan by the Korea Baduk Association. At the 2017 Future of Go Summit, AlphaGo beat Ke Jie, the world No.1 ranked player at the time, in a three-game match. After this, AlphaGo was awarded professional 9-dan by the Chinese Weiqi Association. Considering the development of artificial intelligence, what is your opinion of the abov