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2018 年外国语学院研究生入学考试专业综合试卷答案A 卷I. Vocabulary. (25X1=25 points)1-5 BDDBA 6-10 CAABA 11-15 DABCA16-20 CBADC 21-25 DBCAC II. Structure. (15x1=15 points)26-30 ACDCB 31-35 ADACB 36-40 DABAAIII. Paraphrase the following sentences. (5X3=15 points)41. Even though it is clear that we humans are limited, it is easy enough to show and prove that we have established our present society upon false assumptions of limitless. 42. The television generation was constantly and strongly influenced by extravagant promotional advertising. These people find pleasure in much of this kind of advertising and have no scruples using it to further their own ends.43. The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of the Victorian structure, and it released the violent energies that the young people had so far held in check by throwing them suddenly and unexpectedly into a war of mass murder. 44. Years of life and the heat of the tropical sun have dried up the women here, so that they look like mummies. They shrink to the size of children. 45. Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this belief is still not accepted in many countries around the world.IV. Reading Comprehension (20 X1= 20 points)46-50 BCBCC 51-55 CAADD 56-60 DBBCC 61-65 ABBBDV. General linguistics knowledge. (20X1 = 20 points)65-70 DCCDA 71-75 ABCAC76-80 BDABC 81-85 BADCC VI. Explain the following terms. (5X5=25 points) 86. Design features are the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human languages distinguishable from language of animals. They are arbitrariness, duality, creativity and displacement.87. Acronyms are words which are formed by combining the initial letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword. This process is also widely used in shortening extremely long words of word groups in science, technology and other special fields. 88. Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationship between elements in sentence structures.89. Conceptual meaning is meaning recorded in a dictionary. It is relatively stable, forming the core of communication of a language community. It is the first type of meaning recognized by Leech, which he defined as the logical, cognitive, or denotative content. In other words, it overlaps to a large extent with the notion of reference. But Leech also uses “sense” as a briefer term for his conceptual meaning. As a result, Leechs conceptual meaning has two sides: sense and reference.90. Ontological metaphors mean that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances. VII. Answer the following questions, supporting your arguments with necessary examples. (3X10=30 points)91. No. These two parts can not interchange. Yes, it is a case in point to illustrate non-arbitrariness about word order. When the two parts interchange, the focus and the meaning of the sentence is forced to change, because clause occurring in linear sequence without time indicators will be taking as matching the actual sequence of happening. The writers original intention is distorted, and we can feel it effortlessly by reading. That is why systemic-functionalists and American functionalists think language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. 92. There are two kinds of factors influencing sentence comprehension. (1) Structural factors. Comprehension of language can be difficult because it is not always easy to identify the constituents of a sentence and the way in which they relate to each other. Psycholinguists have proposed principles interpreting sentence comprehension with respect to the grammatical constraints. The most popular principle is Minimal Attachment which defines “structurally simpler”, and it claims that structural simplicity guides all initial analyses in sentence comprehension. (2) Lexical factors. The human sentence processor is primarily guided by information about specific words that is stored in the lexicon. 93. Some knowledge of linguistics will not only help language teachers to better understand the nature of language but also helps them better understand how to teach language. Theoretical views of language explicitly or implicitly inform the approach or methods in language teaching. Language teachers do need theories of language in order to teach language more effectively, and they need to know at least how the language they teach works. To discover the real language and to obtain some understanding of it, language teachers may well turn to linguistics. Many language learning theories are proposed based on certain linguistic theories. In fact, knowledge in linguistics lies at the root of understanding what language learners can learn, how they actually learn and what they learn ultimately. Therefore, linguistics has always played an important role in the studies of language acquisition and learning.
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