传热学 Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer.pdf

eighth editionFundamentalsof Heat and Mass Transfer theodore L. BergmanDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Kansasadrienne S. LavineMechanical and Aerospace Engineering DepartmentUniversity of California, Los AngelesVICE PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR Laurie RosatoneEDITORIAL DIRECTOR Don FowleyEXECUTIVE EDITOR Linda RattsDEVELOPMENTAL EDITOR Ryann DannellyEDITORIAL ASSISTANT Victoria BradshawPRODUCTION EDITOR Ashley PattersonSENIOR CONTENT MANAGER Valerie ZaborskiPHOTO EDITOR Alicia SouthEXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER Dan SayreSENIOR DESIGNER Thomas NeryPRODUCT DESIGNER Brad FranklinPRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES Aptara, Inc.This book was set in Times New Roman by Aptara, Inc. and printed and bound by Quad Graphics Versailles. The cover was printed by Quad Graphics Versailles.Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. 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Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free of charge return shipping label are available at: www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. If you have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this book as your complimentary desk copy. Outside of the United States, please contact your local sales representative.ISBN: 978-1-119-32042-5The inside back cover will contain printing identification and country of origin if omitted from this page. In addition, if the ISBN on the back cover differs from the ISBN on this page, the one on the back cover is correct.Library of Congress CataloginginPublication DataNames: Bergman, Theodore L. | Lavine, Adrienne S.Title: Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer.Description: 8th edition / Theodore L. Bergman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas, Adrienne S. Lavine, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017 | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2016053414 (print) | LCCN 2016053784 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119330103 (looseleaf) | ISBN 9781119337676 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119320425 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: HeatTransmission. | Mass transfer.Classification: LCC QC320 .I45 2017 (print) | LCC QC320 (ebook) | DDC 621.402/2dc23LC record available at https:/lccn.loc.gov/2016053414Printed in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1PrefaceIn his Forward to Preface of the sixth edition of this work, Frank Incropera shared with read-ers the timeline for the multi-edition transition of authorship from Incropera and DeWitt to Bergman and Lavine. Throughout the 15 years of our involvement with the text, we have been inspired by, and mindful of, Franks insistence that the quality of the expository material be of paramount importance. We have also attempted to demonstrate the relevance of heat transfer by providing a multitude of examples, ranging from traditional and non-traditional energy genera-tion to potential climate change, where heat transfer plays a vital role.Since our initial participation in the sixth edition, unexpected developments have evolved in engineering education. For example, the escalating cost of higher education is now debated at all levels of political leadership. As classroom instructors and parents of college students, this concern is not lost on us. In response, we have taken steps to hold the cost of the text in check by reducing its page count and forgoing production of a new edition of the companion text, Introduction to Heat Transfer. On the pedagogical front, we have reduced the complexity of many example and end-of-chapter problems. In addition to introducing new end-of-chapter problems, we have modified a significant number of exist-ing problems, often necessitating modified solution approaches.As in the previous two editions, we have retained a rigorous and systematic problem-solving methodology, and provide a broad range of fundamental as well as applications-motivated end-of-chapter problems that require students to hone and exercise the concepts of heat and mass transfer. We continue to strive to provide a text that will serve as a valu-able resource for students and practicing engineers throughout their careers.Approach and OrganizationAs in previous editions, we continue to adhere to four broad learning objectives:1. The student should internalize the meaning of the terminology and physical principles associated with the subject.2. The student should be able to delineate pertinent transport phenomena for any process or system involving heat or mass transfer.3. The student should be able to use requisite inputs for computing heat or mass transfer rates and/or material temperatures or concentrations.4. The student should be able to develop representative models of real processes and sys-tems and draw conclusions concerning process/system design or performance from the attendant analysis.Also as in previous editions, key concepts are reviewed and questions to test student under-standing of the concepts are posed at the end of each chapter.It is recommended that problems involving complex models and/or parameter sensitiv-ity considerations be addressed using the Interactive Heat Transfer (IHT ) software package that has been developed and refined in conjunction with the text. With its intuitive user interface, extensive built-in thermophysical property database, embedded convection cor-relations taken from the text, and other useful features, students can master the basic usage of IHT in about one hour. To facilitate use of IHT, selected example problems in the exposi-tory material are identified with an “IHT” icon as shown to the left. These problems are included as demonstrations in the IHT software, allowing students to observe how these problems can be solved easily and quickly. More information regarding IHT is available later in this preface. Due to the preponderance of readily available software packages capable of solving multi-dimensional conduction problems, the finite-element software package previously made available to students has been discontinued.Some homework problems require a computer-based solution. Other problems include both a hand calculation and an extension that is computer based. The latter approach is time-tested and promotes the habit of checking computer-generated solutions with hand calculations. Once validated, the computer solution can be utilized to conduct parametric calculations. Problems involving both hand- and computer-generated solutions are identi-fied by enclosing the exploratory part in a red rectangle, as, for example, (b), (c) , or (d). This feature also allows instructors to focus their assignments on problems amenable to solution using hand calculations, and benefit from the richness of these problems without assigning the computer-based parts. Problems with a boxed number (for example, 1.25 ) require an entirely computer-based solution.Whats New to the 8th EditionAlthough the size of the text has been reduced, we have added approximately 90 new and 225 revised end-of-chapter problems, with an emphasis on problems amenable to analytical solutions. Many of the revised problems require modified solution approaches. Within the text, the treatment of thermodynamics has been improved, with clarification of the various forms of energy and their relation to heat transfer. New material on micro- and nanoscale heat transfer and thermal boundary resistances has been added. Mixed convection is pre-sented in a more rigorous manner.Classroom CoverageThe content of the text has evolved over many years in response to the development of new, fundamental concepts of heat (and mass) transfer and novel ways that the principles of heat transfer are applied. A broad range of engineering disciplines and institutions, with varying iv Prefacemissions, make use of this text. Moreover, it is used not only in introductory courses, but also in advanced courses at many colleges and universities. Mindful of this diversity, the authors intent is not to assemble a text whose content is to be covered, in entirety, during a single semester- or quarter-long course. Rather, the text includes fundamental material that should be covered in any introductory heat transfer course, and optional material that can be covered, depending on the mission of the institution, the time available, or the interests of the instructor or practitioner.Heat and Mass Transfer To assist instructors in preparing a syllabus for a first course in heat and mass transfer, we suggest the following (with suggestions for a first course in heat transfer further below).Chapter 1 Introduction sets the stage for any discussion of heat transfer. It explains the science-based linkage between thermodynamics and heat transfer, and the relevance of heat transfer. It should be covered in its entirety. Much of the content of Chapter 2 Introduction to Conduction is critical in a first course, especially Section 2.1 The Conduction Rate Equa-tion, Section 2.3 The Heat Diffusion Equation, and Section 2.4 Boundary and Initial Condi-tions. Section 2.2 The Thermal Properties of Matter need not be covered in depth in a first course.Chapter 3 One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction includes some material that can be assigned depending on the instructors interest. The optional material includes Sec-tion 3.1.5 Porous Media, and Section 3.7 Other Applications of One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction. The content of Chapter 4 Two-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction is important in that both fundamental concepts and approximate techniques are presented. We recommend that all of Chapter 4 be covered, although some instructors may elect to not include Section 4.4 Finite-Difference Equations and Section 4.5 Solving the Finite-Difference Equations if time is short. It is recommended that Chapter 5 Transient Con-duction be covered in entirety, although some instructors may prefer to cover only some aspects of Sections 5.8 through 5.10.The content of Chapter 6 Introduction to Convection is often difficult for students to absorb. However, Chapter 6 introduces fundamental concepts in a rigorous manner and sets the stage for Chapters 7 through 11. Chapter 6 should be covered in entirety in an introduc-tory heat and mass transfer course.Chapter 7 External Flow builds on Chapter 6, introduces several important concepts, and presents convection correlations that students will utilize throughout the remainder of the text and in subsequent professional practice. We recommend Sections 7.1 through 7.5 be included in any first course in heat and mass transfer. However, Sections 7.6 through 7.8 are optional. Likewise, Chapter 8, Internal Flow includes matter used in the remainder of the text and in professional practice. However, Sections 8.6 through 8.8 may be viewed as optional in a first course.Buoyancy-induced flow is covered in Chapter 9 Free Convection. Most of Chapter 9 should be covered in a first course, although optional material includes Section 9.7 Free Convection Within Parallel Plate Channels. The content of Chapter 10 Boiling and Conden-sation that can be optional in a first course includes Section 10.5 Forced Convection Boiling, Section 10.9 Film Condensation on Radial Systems, and Section 10.10 Condensation in Horizontal Tubes. However, if time is short, Chapter 10 can be skipped without affecting students ability to understand the remainder of the text. We recommend that Chapter 11 Heat Exchangers be covered in entirety, although Section 11.6 Additional Considerations may be de-emphasized in a first course.Preface vA distinguishing feature of the text, from its inception, is the in-depth coverage of radi-ation heat transfer in Chapter 12 Radiation: Processes and Properties. The content of the chapter is perhaps more relevant today than ever. However, Section 12.9 can be covered in an advanced course. Chapter 13 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces may be covered as time permits, or in an intermediate heat transfer course.The material in Chapter 14 Diffusion Mass Transfer is relevant to many contemporary applications ranging from chemical processing to biotechnology, and should be covered in entirety in an introductory heat and mass transfer course. However, if problems involving stationary media are solely of interest, Section 14.2 may be omitted or covered in a follow-on course.Heat Transfer Usage of this text for a first course in heat transfer might be structured as follows.The suggested coverage of Chapters 1 through 5 is identical to that for a course in heat and mass transfer described above. Before beginning Chapter 6 Introduction to Convection, it is recommended that the definition of mass transfer, provided in the introductory remarks of Chapter 14 Diffusion Mass Transfer, be reviewed with students. With the definition of mass transfer firmly in hand, remaining content that focuses on, for example, Ficks law, Sherwood and Schmidt numbers, and evaporative cooling will be apparent and need not be covered. For example, within Chapter 6, Section 6.1.3 The Concentration Boundary Layer, Section 6.2.2 Mass Transfer, Section 6.7.1 The Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy, and Secti