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21 考研： 2020 年研究生入学考试英语二考研真题完整版及解析Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text . Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark, A.B.C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Being a good parent is, of course, what every parent would like to be. But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very 1 , particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, 2 , a younger sibling.3 , theres another sort of parent that s a bit easier to 4 : a patient parent. Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, 5 every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy 6 . Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a 7 and composed style with their kids. I understand this.Youre only human, and sometimes your kids can 8 you just a little too far. And then the 9 happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too 10 and does nobody any good. You wish that you could 11 the clock and start over. Weve all been there:12 , even though its common, its important to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue. you can say something to your child that you may 13 for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also 14 your childs self-esteem. If you consistently lose your 15 with your kids, then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the 16 of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when 17 by stress is one of the most important of all lifes skillsCertainly, its incredibly 18 to maintain patience at all times with your children. A more practical goal is to try, to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with 19 situations involving your children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children will benefit and 20 from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.1. A tedious B pleasant C instructive D tricky 2. A in addition B for example C at once D by accident3. A fortunately B occasionally C accordingly D eventually4. A amuse B assist C describe D train5. A while B because C unless D once6. A answer B task C choice D access7. A tolerant B formal C rigid D critical8. A move B drag C push D send 9. A mysterious B illogical C suspicious D inevitable 10. A boring B naive C harsh D vague11. A turn back B take apart C set aside D cover up 12. A overall B instead C however D otherwise 13. A like B miss C believe D regret14. A raise B affect C justify D reflect15. A time B bond C race D cool 16. A nature B secret C importance D context17.A cheated B defeated C confused D confronted18. A terrible B hard C strange D wrong19. A trying B changing C exciting D surprising20.A hide B emerge C withdraw Descape Section Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so they can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University of Califormia, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats. They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat-one social and one asocial-for four days. The robot rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with.wheels to move around and colourful markings. During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side. Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever. Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being. They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn. “Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity-where a rat will help another rat that has previously helped them.“ says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design .The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.“We'd assumed we'd have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn't necessary, “says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research. The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals.“We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too,“says Wiles.21. Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can_. A distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one B pick up social signals from non-living ratsC attain sociable traits through special trainingD send out warning messages to their fellows 22. What did the asocial robot do during the experiment? A It played with some toys.B It set the trapped rats free. C It moved around alone.D It followed the social robot. 23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they_. A expected it to do the same in return B considered that an interesting gameC wanted to display their intelligenceD tried to practice a means of escape 24. Janet Wiles notes that rats_. A respond more to actions than to looks B differentiate smells better than sizes C can be scared by a plastic box on wheels D can remember other rats' facial features25. It can be learned from the text that rats_. A appear to be adaptable to new surroundingsB are more socially active than other animalsC are more sensitive to social cues than expected D behave differently from children in socializing Text 2It is true that CEO pay has gone up-top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has,by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%. The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about $ 18.9 million a year. The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts of America's highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy. It's not popular to say, but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy. Today's CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many more skills than simply being able to “ run the company . “ CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how the company should, trade in them. They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slip up can be significant. Then there's the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fairly mind-boggling. Plus, virtually all major American companies are becoming tech companies,often with their own research and development. And beyond this, major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn't explain history very well. By most measures, corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising. That suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks. another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company. And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.26.which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?A Increased business opportunities for top firms. B Close cooperation among leading economics.CThe general pay rise with a better economy.D The growth in the number of corporations. 27 .Compared with their predecessors, today's CEOs are required to_. A establish closer ties with tech companies. B operate more globalized companies.C finance more research and development. D foster a stronger sense of teamwork. 28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite_.A continual internal opposition.B conservative business strategies. C repeated governance warnings. D strict corporate governance.29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it _. A confirm the status of CEOs B increase corporate value.C boost the efficiency of CEOs D motive inside candidates. 30. The most suitable title for this text would be_. A CEO Traits: Not Easy to Define. BCEO Pay:Past and Present. CCEOs Are Not Overpaid.DCEOs' Challenges of Today.Text 3Madrid was haired as a public health guiding light last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible termination. Mayor Jose Luis Martinez-almeida made opposition to the zone a centerpiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the citys decision to top levying fines, ordering them restored. But with legal battles ahead. the zone's future looks uncertain at best.Madrid's back and forth on clean air is a pointed reminder of the limits to the patchwork. city-by-city approach that characterizes efforts on air pollution across Europe, Britain very much Included.Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically controversial, and therefore vulnerable. That' because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers-who must pay fees or buy better vehicles-rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution. It's not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission Zone(Ulez)Is likely to be a big issue in next years mayoral election. And if Sandakan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected. It's not that measures such as Londons Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local officials
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