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12017 年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（B 卷）*学科、专业名称：日语语言文学研究方向：考试科目名称：241 基础英语考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。 Part I Cloze (10 points) Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.You hear it all along the river. You hear it, loud and strong, from the rower as they urge the junk _1_ its high stem, the mast lashed alongside, down the _2_ running stream. You hear it from the trackers, a more breathless chant, as they pull _3_ against the current, half a dozen of them perhaps if they are _4_ a boat, a couple of hundred _5_ they are hauling a splendid junk, its square sail set, over a rapid. On the junk a man stands amidships beating a drum _6_ to guide their efforts, and _7_pull with all their strength, like men possessed, bent double; and sometimes in the _8_ of their travail they crawl _9_, on all fours, like the beasts of the field. They strain, strain fiercely, _10_ the pitiless might of the stream. The leader goes _11_ the line and when he sees one who is not putting all his _12_ into the task he brings down his split bamboo _13_ the naked back. Each one must _14_ or the labor of all is _15_. And still they sing a vehement, eager chant, the chant of the _16_ waters. I do not know how words can describe what there is in it of effort. It _17_ to express the straining heart, the breaking muscles, and _18_ the indomitable spirit of man which overcomes the _19_ force of nature. Though the rope may part and the great junk swing back, _20_ the rapid will be passed; and at the close of the weary day there is the hearty meal1. A. on B. in C. with D. by2. A. slow B. shifting C. swift D. strengthen3. A. hardly B. desperately C. exactly D. quickly4. A. taking up B. making C. sitting in D. shouldering5. A. when B. if C. as D. although6. A. incessantly B. increasingly C. indefinitely D. inwardly7. A. everyone B. they C. he D. themselves8. A. extreme B. extremes C. extremity D. extremely9. A. on the ground B. all over the field C. in the front D. by the side 10. A. at B. in C. towards D. against11. A. against B. to C. near and far D. up and down12. A. capacity B. will C. ability D. courage213. A. in B. at C. on D. up14. A. do his part B. do his share C. do his utmost D. try hard15. A. vain B. necessary C. exciting D. disappointing16. A. disturbed B. quiet C. turbulent D. quick17. A. deserves B. serves C. works D. does18. A. on the other hand B. at the same time C. as well as D. after all19. A. pitiless B. pitiful C. generous D. mean20. A. the ends B. on end C. in the end D. at the endPart II Reading Comprehension Section A (40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”, and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so taught them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned responses with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the childrens responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.Papouseks light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.21. According to the author, babies learn to do things which _.A) are directly related to pleasure3B) will meet their physical needsC) will bring them a feeling of successD) will satisfy their curiosity 22. Papousek notice in his studies that a baby _.A) would make learned responses when it saw the milkB) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drinkC) would continue the simple movements without being given milkD) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink 23. In Papouseks experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to _.A) have the lights turned on B) be rewarded with milkC) please their parents D) get praise from the adults24. The babies would “smile and bubble” at the lights because _.A) the lights were directly related to some basic “drives”B) the sight of lights was interestingC) they need not turn back to watch the lightsD) they succeeded in “switching on” the lights25. According to Papouseks experiment, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _. A) a basic human desire to understand and control the worldB) the satisfaction of certain physiological needsC) their strong desire to solve complex problemD) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skillsQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Believe it or not, optical illusion(错觉) can cut highway crashes.Japan is a case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion. Bent stripes, called chevrons(人字形), painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down.Now the American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D.C. is planning to repeat Japans success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes.Excessive speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents, according 4to the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will conduct its tests in areas where speed-related hazards are the greatest curves, exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges.Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars.Chevrons, scientists say, not only give drivers the impression that they are driving faster than they really are, but also make a lane appear to be narrower. The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents.26. The passage mainly discusses _.A) a new way of highway speed controlB) a new pattern for painting highwaysC) a new approach to training driversD) a new type of optical illusion27. On roads painted with chevrons, drivers tend to feel that _.A) they should avoid speed-related hazardsB) they are driving in the wrong laneC) they should slow down their speedD) they are approaching the speed limit28. The advantage of chevrons over straight, horizontal bars is that the former _.A) can keep drivers awakeB) can cut road accidents in halfC) will have a longer effect on driversD) will look more attractive29. The American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to _.A) try out the Japanese method in certain areasB) change the road signs across the countryC) replace straight, horizontal bars with chevronsD) repeat the Japanese road patterns30. What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?A) They are falling out of use in the United States. B) They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time.C) They are applicable only on broad roads.D) They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.5Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Is a car that does not have to be refueled every few hundred miles, with the atom exploding peacefully beneath the bonnet, possible in the future? In theory it is, since already the atom has been harnessed to drive submarines, and an atomic engine is already in existence. But there are many problems still to be conquered before such an engine can in fact be fixed into a car.Now what exactly are these problems that stand between you and the car? Frankly, most of them can be summed up in one word - radiation. An atomic reactor, the kind of engine that would produce energy by atom-splitting, throws off radiation, extremely dangerous radiation. These rays are just as dangerous as when they are released from an atomic bomb. This radiation penetrates anything except the thickest concrete and lead, with fatal results for anybody in its path. Thus, at the moment, any car carrying an atomic engine would also have to carry many tons of lead in order to prevent the radiation from escaping.Since a car made up of tons of lead is rather impracticable, the only answer at the moment seems to be the discovery or invention of a metal that will be strong enough to hold in the rays, but at the same time light enough for a vehicle to carry, with ease and economy. Most likely this metal would have to be synthetic, since no natural metal except lead has yet proved fit for the job. When this light metal is invented, the motoring world will be well on the way to an atomic car. However, even after the invention of a protective but light metal, two other problems still remain, those of economics and safety.But then the problem of safety still remains. Suppose that there is a road accident involving one, or perhaps two, atomic cars, and that the atomic reactor or its protective covering were damaged. Any explosion would be equal to that of a very small atomic bomb. The effects of such an explosion would be felt for several miles around. As will be realized, this is perhaps the biggest problem of all to overcome. 31. According to the passage an atomic car is _.A) only science-fictionB) theoretically possibleC) only a matter of timeD) nothing but a dream32. One of the biggest problems in manufacturing an atomic car is _.A) its high costB) the size of the atomic engineC) protection against radiationD) the weight of the atomic engine633. The motoring world will be well on the way to an atomic car once we have _.A) a cheap synthetic metalB) a light strong metalC) a strong synthetic metalD) a protective but light metal34. Another important issue for atomic cars is _.A) the quality of manufacturing technologyB) the practicability of mass productionC) the lifetime of such carsD) the danger of an atomic explosion resulting from a traffic accident35. The authors attitude towards atomic cars is _.A) doubtful B) favorableC) negative D) neutralQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist.The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes the applied scientist finds the “problems” for the theoretical scientist to work on. Lets take a particular problem of the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys that perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine（涡轮）wheel in a turbo-jet（涡轮喷气机）must withstand temperatures as high as 1600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the metallurgist（冶金家）for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet-propelled planes.Dividing scientists into two groups pure and applied is only one broad way of classifying them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scientists specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independent of the others. Many new specialties geophysics and biochemistry, for example have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.736. Statement “the horizons of science have expanded” (Line 1, Para. 1) means that _.A) the horizon is enlarged by scientistsB) scientists can observe further spaceC) scientists are making efforts to expand the outer spaceD) science has developed more fields 37. The applied scientist _.A) does original research to understand the basic lawB) applies the results of research to
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